Tonsil stones, or tonsilloliths, are small, hardened formations that develop in the crypts (crevices) of the tonsils—soft tissue located at the back of the throat. They’re made of trapped debris like dead cells, food particles, mucus, and bacteria that calcify over time, especially in people with deep tonsil crypts.

These stones typically appear white or yellow and vary in size—from tiny specks to pea-sized lumps. They often resemble grains of rice or popcorn. A hallmark symptom is their unpleasant odor, caused by sulfur-producing bacteria. Some people notice a bad taste or smell when a stone dislodges.

Symptoms range from none at all to chronic bad breath, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, and a feeling of something stuck in the throat. Swollen tonsils or visible white patches can also occur.

Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, chronic throat infections, post-nasal drip, mouth breathing, and naturally creased tonsils. While usually harmless, tonsil stones can cause discomfort or infection in some cases.

At-home treatments include gargling salt water, using a low-pressure water flosser, or gently removing stones with a cotton swab. Avoid sharp tools or deep probing to prevent injury.

If stones are painful or recurring, consult an ENT specialist. Treatments may include antibiotics, laser cryptolysis (to smooth tonsil surfaces), or a tonsillectomy for severe, persistent cases.

To reduce risk, maintain good oral hygiene: brush and floss daily, clean your tongue, stay hydrated, and use alcohol-free mouthwash. A tongue scraper and water flosser can help minimize debris buildup.