Concerns surrounding long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use have grown significantly as new research suggests a potential connection between extended use of these medications and an increased risk of dementia. PPIs, commonly prescribed for chronic acid reflux and GERD, work by suppressing acid production in the stomach, offering relief to millions who struggle with painful or damaging reflux symptoms. The recent study, however, indicates that long-term users may face up to a 33% higher risk of developing dementia, adding cognitive health to a growing list of potential long-term side effects. While the findings highlight correlation rather than causation, they raise questions about the safety of prolonged PPI use — especially among aging populations already vulnerable to cognitive decline. These concerns exist alongside previously documented associations with kidney disease, fractures, infections, and even premature death, making the need for informed medical guidance more important than ever.

Acid reflux is far more widespread than many realize, affecting a substantial portion of the population across both the U.S. and the UK. GERD, the chronic form of reflux, affects nearly one in five Americans, and 40% of individuals in the UK report persistent heartburn. Reflux occurs when stomach acid moves backward into the esophagus, leading to irritation, discomfort, and potentially serious complications if left untreated. For many, PPIs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole offer essential relief that allows them to eat and sleep comfortably. The drugs reduce acid at the source by blocking key enzymes in the stomach lining, giving the esophagus time to heal. Their effectiveness and availability have made them one of the most widely used treatments in modern medicine. Yet their popularity has also led to routine long-term use, sometimes without continued medical oversight, which increases the importance of understanding the risks identified by ongoing research.

Warnings about the long-term risks of PPIs are not new. The FDA has previously issued cautions linking extended use to kidney disease, bone fractures, magnesium deficiency, and bacterial infections such as C. difficile. A notable 2019 BMJ study suggested that chronic PPI users had a higher risk of premature death compared to individuals who never used the drugs. These findings do not mean PPIs should be avoided entirely — for many, they prevent severe complications of GERD such as ulcers, esophageal damage, or cancer. Instead, experts urge moderation and appropriate medical supervision, emphasizing that PPIs should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest necessary duration. The emerging dementia concerns reinforce this message: these drugs are useful and sometimes necessary, but they may not be harmless when taken for years without reassessment.

The latest study, conducted by University of Minnesota researchers and published in Neurology, sought to explore whether PPI use contributes to cognitive decline. The researchers followed more than 5,700 adults aged 45 and older, none of whom had dementia at the start of the study. Over an average of 5.5 years, participants underwent regular visits and annual phone interviews to monitor memory, cognitive function, and medication use. They were divided into groups based on how long they had used PPIs: not at all, up to 2.8 years, between 2.8 and 4.4 years, and more than 4.4 years. The results were compelling. Among those who never used PPIs, the dementia rate was 19 cases per 1,000 person-years. But those who used PPIs for more than 4.4 years showed a rate of 24 cases per 1,000 person-years. After adjusting for health variables such as hypertension, diabetes, race, and age, the researchers concluded that long-term users had a 33% higher dementia risk, though short-term use showed no significant association. Study author Professor Kamakshi Lakshminarayan stressed that the findings should not cause alarm but should encourage thoughtful discussions between patients and clinicians.

Despite these results, experts strongly caution against abruptly discontinuing PPIs. Stopping suddenly can cause “rebound acid hypersecretion,” a surge in stomach acid production that may worsen symptoms dramatically and make patients feel as though they need the medication even more. Instead, healthcare providers often recommend a gradual reduction, sometimes paired with alternative treatments, to help the body readjust. Lifestyle modifications can also play a major role in reducing reflux symptoms and minimizing reliance on medication. Weight loss, smaller meals, avoiding food before bedtime, reducing caffeine and alcohol, and elevating the head while sleeping can all lessen the frequency and severity of reflux episodes. Over-the-counter antacids and H2 blockers may be suitable alternatives for those with milder symptoms. For individuals concerned about dementia risk or other long-term side effects, working with a doctor to create a personalized plan is essential.

As research continues to highlight potential risks, one principle remains central: treatment decisions must strike a balance between symptom relief and long-term safety. PPIs are invaluable for many patients, preventing complications that can significantly reduce quality of life or lead to dangerous outcomes. But long-term use without medical guidance may carry risks that cannot be ignored. The evolving understanding of PPIs emphasizes the importance of regular check-ins with healthcare professionals, reevaluating treatment plans, and remaining open to lifestyle strategies or alternative therapies. Ultimately, informed decisions — grounded in medical expertise and individualized care — are key to ensuring that patients benefit from acid reflux treatment while safeguarding their long-term health.